Summary 8.3

The Clavin cycle makes sugar from carbon dioxide
-calvin cycle like sugar factory
-starting material is regenerated in cycle
-compound that is regenerated is RuBP, five carbon sugar
-input; carbon dioxide, energy from ATP and electrons and hydrogen ions from NADPH
-output; rich sugar
-sugar is G3P
-uses G3P to make glucose and other organic molecules
Calvin Cycle
-carbon dioxide added to RuBP (3 unstable six-carbon molecules)
-six-carbon molecules break into three-carbon molecules (3-PGA)
-ATP and NADPH is put in (3-PGA turns into G3P)
-carbon dioxide goes out, G3P is used to make glucose
-five G3P molecules remain
-ATP rearranges the G3P molecules
-RuBP+ is regenerated
-ADP and NADP+ goes back to light reactions
-photosynthesis equation; 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
-light reaction in thylakoid membrane
-converts light energy into ATP and NADPH
-calvin cycle converts CO2 and ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into sugar (G3P)
-photosynthesis = first step into an ecosystem

Concept Checks
1. The inputs of the Calvin cycle are carbon dioxide, the energy from ATP and the electrons and hydrogen ions from the NADPH.

2. The light reaction uses the water from the reactant side of the photosynthesis equation, while it produces the oxygen as a waste product. The Calvin cycle uses the carbon dioxide and produces glucose.

3. The RuBP is regenerated after each cycle, meaning that the materials at the beginning can be used again and again, basically being recycled.

4. The direct product of photosynthesis is a sugar called G3P. It isn't quite a glucose molecule yet, but by using the energy from ATP and the electrons and hydrogen ions from the NADPH, the sugar, G3P can be made into glucose, which is then used by plants to produce energy.

Vocabulary Chapter 8

8.1
1.chloroplast: the organelle in which photosynthesis takes place
2.chlorophyll: a organelle that gives the chloroplast a green color
3.stroma: the thick fluid inside the inner membrane
4.thylakoid: disk-shaped sacs in the stroma
5.light reactions: the first step in photosynthesis where sunlight is converted into chemical energy
6.Calvin Cycle: the second step in photosynthesis where sugar is made from the CO2 and hydrogen ions and electrons of NADPH

8.2
1.wavelength: the distance between two adjacent waves
2.electromagnetic spectrum: the range of types of electromagnetic energy from gamma rays to radio waves
3.pigment: the chemical compoud that gives color in an object
4.paper chromatography: a technique that uses paper to identify the different pigments
5.photosystems: a cluster made up of around a hundred pigment molecules located in thylakoid membranes and chlorophylls

8.3
no vocabulary

8.4
1.carbon cycle: the cycle in which carbon moves from inorganic to organic compounds and back again
2.greenhouse effect: when some of the heat from the sun is trapped by the Earth's atmosphere

Summary 8.2

The light reactions convert light energy to chemical energy

-sunlight is electromagnetic energy
-travels in waves, can be compared to ocean waves
-distance between waves is wavelength
-short wavelengths to long wavelengths
-electromagnetic spectrum shows the different kinds of electromagnetic waves
-visible light is only small fraction
-visible light is around 400 nanometers to 700 nanometers
-wavelengths shorter damage proteins and nucleic acids
-UV can cause skin cancer
-pigments give color to an object
-light can be transmitted, reflected or absorbed
-pigments in leaf absorb blue-violet and red-orange
-giving off green light
-paper chromatography, can see pigments of leaf
-press leaf onto filter paper
-seal paper under a cylinder with solvents
-pigments will separate onto the filter paper
-photosystems include clusters of thylakoid membranes and chlorophyll
-a few hundred pigment molecules in each cluster
-are like light gathering panels
-everytime light is absorbed, electron gains energy
-“ground state” to “excited state”
-unstable during “excited state”
-energy is transferred to neighboring molecule
-like dominos, energy is transferred and received on and on
-energy trapped from “excited” electrons can make ATP and NADPH
-first photosystem captures light and transfers “excited” electrons to electron transport chain
-“water-splitting photosystem”
-electrons replaced by splitting water molecule
-electron transport chain inbetween two photosystems give off energy
-hydrogen pumped across membrane, difference; respiration-food, photosynthesis-light excited electron
-second one NADPH production photosystem
-electrons and hydrogen ion sent to NADP+
-light energy “bumps” electrons to excited state
-light reactions convert light into ATP and NADPH
-no sugar produced, late produced by Calvin Cycle

Concept Checks
1. A leaf appears green because the pigment inside the leaf absorb blue-violet and red-orange light very well, but it does not absorb the green light effectively. Thus, the green light is reflected and it is the color the leaf appears to be.

2. When the molecule of chlorophyll a absorbs sunlight, it absorbs the blue-violet and red-orange light while it reflects the green light.

3. The light reactions also produce ATP and NADPH.

4. The light reaction takes place inside the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts

Summary 8.1

Photosynthesis uses light energy to make food

-photosynthesis takes place in chloroplast
-the organelle is green because it has chlorophylls
-leaf contains most chloroplast
-inner layer of tissue, mesophyll, chloroplasts concentration
-pores if stomata on surface
-CO2 in and O2 out
-chloroplast have inner and outer membrane
-fluid stroma inside
-disked shape sacs called thylakoids
-in stacks
-inside thylakoid membrane and others outside the cells
-chemical equation for photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
-two steps; light reactions, Calvin cycle
Light Reaction
converting sunlight to chemical energy
chlorophyll capture sunlight
chloroplasts separate electrons from water molecules
electrons and hydrogen ions make NADPH
generate ATP from sunlight
Calvin Cycle
sugar production
NADPH production
enzyme is outside thylakoids
dissolved in stroma
“light independent reactions” - don't need light to begin
two inputs: ATP and NADPH

Concept Checks

1.

2. The reactants for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water, while the products are glucose and oxygen.

3. The two main stages of photosynthesis are the light reactions and the Calvin Cycle. The ATP and NADPH that is produced by the light reactions are used in the Calvin Cycle because the Calvin Cycle is "light independant".

Summary 7.4

• cellular respiration = aerobic process (requires oxygen)
• cell exchanges two gases with it's environment - respiration
• cell takes in oxygen, gives out CO2
• glucose = fuel for cellular respiration
• glucose + 6oxygen = 6CO2 + 6H2O + around 38 ATP
• generate ATP for cellular work
• when electron "falls" towards nucleus, potential energy released
• oxygen attracts electrons
• carbon + hydrogen do not have as strong a pull
• sugar = carbon-hydrogen bonds, bonds exchanged with hydrogen-oxygen, carbon-oxygen bonds
• electrons fall in direction of oxygen = energy released
• glucose breaks down in small steps
• oxygen only enters as electron acceptor
• electron carriers recieve high-energy electrons from glucose
• electrons undergo transfer, give off energy

Concept Check

1. Breathing and cellular respiration both involve oxygen and carbon-dioxide. The oxygen is taken in, while the carbon-dioxide is released out. Breathing helps to get the oxygen that is required for cellular respiration. The carbon dioxide that is made from cellular respiration, is released out through exhaling.

2. The reactants of cellular respiration are 1 glucose molecule, and 6 oxygen molecules. The products are 6 carbon-dioxide molecules, 6 water molecules, and around 38 ATP.

3. Oxygens attract electrons just like gravity. As the electrons slowly "fall" step by step, they give off energy. Everytime they go down one "step", potential energy is released.

4. As the electrons gradually fall, they give off a little bit of potential energy, everytime they fall. The energy builds up and produces ATP.

Summary 7.3

• ATP - adenosine triphosphate
• adenosine- adenine, five carbon sugar, ribose
• triphosphate "tail" - three phosphates
• phosphate group = negative
• phosphate bonds break - potential energy is released
• cellular respiration - one tail lost, becomes adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
• phosphate group transferred from ATP to another molecule
• chemical work, mechanical work, transport work
• chemical work - building proteins
• mechanical work - contraction of muscles
• transport work - pumping solutes across cellular membrane
• ATP = recyclable
• ADP + one phosphate group = ATP
• adding phosphate requires energy from food

Concept Check

1. When one of the phosphate groups are lost during cellular respiration, it is like relaxing a spring. Here, potential energy is given off.

2. The three main types of cellular work is chemical work, mechanical work, and transport work.

3. The energy that is obtained from food enables ADP to be regenerated into ATP.